Natural Systems 
6 Sections

The Natural Systems section of the syllabus deals with the topics listed below. Bear in mind that candidates will be required to answer one question from this section of the syllabus when writing the Paper 2 of the CXC Geography Examination.

Internal Forces

i

The Internal Structure of the Earth

Layers of the Earth

i

The Lithosphere

Rocks, rock types and the rock cycle

i

Plate Tectonics

Plate tectonics theory, global plates, plate movement and plate boundaries

i

Earthquakes

The occurrence and distribution of earthquakes

i

Folding

The process of folding, the occurrence and distribution of fold mountains

i

Volcanic Activity

Volcanic activity, extrusive and intrusive volcanic features

i

Changes in Volcanic Features

How volcanic features may change over time

External Forces

i

Denudation, Weathering, Erosion & Mass Wasting

Definitions

i

Weathering & Weathering Processes

Physical, chemical and biotic weathering

i

Mass Wasting Processes

Soil creep and landslides

Rivers

i

The Water Cycle

The operation of the water cycle and definition of terms

i

River Processes & Drainage Patterns

Erosion, transportation, deposition and drainage patterns

i

River Valleys & River Features

Features found in the upper, middle and lower course of rivers

Limestone Environment

i

Limestone Features

Characteristics of limestone and features formed in limestone areas

Coasts

i

Types of Waves

Constructive and destructive waves, wave erosion

i

Landforms created by wave processes

Features formed by wave erosion, deposition and transportation

i

Coral Reefs

Types, distribution and conditions necessary for their development.

i

Mangrove Wetlands

The importance of mangrove wetlands

Weather, Climate, Vegetation and Soil

i

Weather and Climate

Difference between weather and climate, elements of weather

i

Anticyclones

Weather conditions associated with anticyclones

i

Cold Fronts

Weather conditions associated with cold fronts

i

Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

Weather conditions associated with the ITCZ

i

Tropical Waves

Weather conditions associated with tropical waves

i

Hurricanes

Formation, classification, structure and movement of hurricanes

i

Factors Influencing Weather and Climate

latitude, altitude, relief, distance from the sea, winds

i

Ecosystems

Definition, components of ecosystems

i

Equatorial Climate

Location, climate, vegetation and soil.

i

Tropical Continental Climate

Location, climate, vegetation and soil.

i

Tropical Marine Climate

Location, climate, vegetation and soil.

Faydian Gill

Instructor

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